Publication 360, Fruit Production Recommendations: Pest Resistance to Insecticides and Miticides

Publication 360, Fruit Production Recommendations:
Pest Resistance to Insecticides and Miticides

Pub 360, Fruit Production Recommendations> Chapter 2, Pest Management > Pest Resistance to Insecticides and Miticides

Excerpt from Publication 360, Fruit Production Recommendations, 2010-11
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Strategies for managing resistance to insecticides

Introduction

Rotate products from different chemical groups. Avoid sequential applications or repeated use of any pesticide or group of pesticides.
For insects with discrete generations, manage each generation of an insect pest as separate units. Use products from a single chemical group to manage a given generation of a pest. If the pest emergence or activity for that generation is prolonged, apply a second application of the same product. This exposes each generation to only one chemical group. Rotate to another chemical group (or groups) for subsequent generations. If re-treatments are necessary for a particular generation, choose a product in that same group.
For insects with asynchronous or overlapping generations (aphids, mites): rotate among chemical groups for each application. Avoid tank mixing different insecticides to manage a single pest, because this increases the probability that the target pest population will develop multiple resistance. Alternating products, rather than tank mixing them, is the preferred strategy for insecticides and miticides.
Consider area-wide resistance management programs, especially for pests of more than one crop.

Resistance management recommendations by insecticide group for Ontario fruit crops

Group 1A, 1B & 2A

Resistance to these older, broad spectrum insecticides has occurred in various fruit pest populations in Ontario. Documented cases include resistance to organophosphates in spotted tentiform leafminer on apples, obliquebanded leafrollers on apples and pears, pear psylla on pears and oriental fruit moth on peaches, nectarines, pears and apples. Research is ongoing to determine if resistance to organophosphates and neonicotinoids (Group 4) is present in codling moth populations in apples.

Group 3: Ambush, Decis, Matador, Perm-Up, Pounce, Ripcord, Silencer, Up-Cyde (pyrethroids)

Present status of spotted tentiform leafminer and pear pyslla resistance is unknown given that resistance in these pests has not been monitored since the early 1990s. Previous studies demonstrate that STLM adults became resistant to all pyrethroids in many orchards in Ontario when exposed to repeated applications of these chemicals. Pear pyslla resistance to pyrethroids has been documented in western North America and some pear orchards in the Niagara peninsula. Resistance may occur in other parts of the province. Documented cases of resistance in populations of OBLR on apples have been found.

The repeated use of pyrethroid insecticides (more than once per season) is discouraged because of the potential for further resistance development and because pyrethroids are toxic to beneficial insects and mites.

Group 18 : Confirm, Intrepid

Documented cross resistance between OP insecticides and the growth regulator Confirm has been found in some OBLR populations in Ontario. Where resistance is suspected for OBLR do not use Group 18, 1A or 1B insecticides but products for this pest/crop complex from Group 5, 11 or 28. Always use one group of insecticides within the generation and rotate insecticide groups between generations. Consult the apple calendar for the appropriate timing of these products.

Group 4, 5, 11, 15 & 28

There are no documented cases of resistance in Ontario for fruit crops. Use the basic principles of resistance management to ensure that insecticides in these groups work well in the future.

Resistance management recommendations by miticide group for Ontario fruit crops:

Group 6: Agri-Mek

There are no documented cases of resistant mite populations in Ontario to this group. Use resistance management principles. Apply this product early before threshold numbers are reached.

Group 10: Apollo

Isolated cases of mite resistance to Apollo have been found in Ontario. Resistance has occurred where Apollo has been applied repeatedly in one season, or applied too late in the season. To delay resistance to Apollo, do not use Apollo every year. Apply Apollo when the mite population is synchronous and in the first summer generation egg stage.

Group 20B, 21, & 25

There are no documented cases of resistant mite populations in Ontario. Use resistance management principles.

Group 23

There are no documented cases of resistant mite populations in Ontario. Use resistance management principles. These products work slowly so patient and careful monitoring is needed to asses the results.

Table 2-12. Insecticide and Miticide Groups Based on Sites of Action* (PDF 77 kb)
Group or Subgroup	Chemical family or group	Product name	Active ingredient
1A¹	Carbamate	Carzol SP	formetanate hydrochloride
		Furadan 480 F	carbofuran
		Lannate	methomyl
		Sevin XLR Plus	carbaryl
		Vydate L	oxamyl
1B¹	Organophosphate	Cygon 480-AG	dimethoate
		Diazinon 50 W	diazinon
		Diazinon 500 E	diazinon
		Guthion 50 WSB	azinphosmethyl
		Imidan 50 WP	phosmet
		Lagon 480 E	dimethoate
		Lorsban 50 W	chlorpyrifos
		Malathion 25 W	malathion
		Malathion 85 E	malathion
		Orthene 75% SP	acephate
		Sniper	azinphosmethyl
		Zolone Flo	phosalone
2A²	Chlorinated cyclodiene	Thiodan 4 EC	endosulfan
2A²	Chlorinated cyclodiene	Thionex 50 WP	endosulfan
3	Pyrethroid	Ambush 500 EC	permethrin
		Decis 5 EC	deltamethrin
		Matador 120 EC	lambda-cyhalothrin
		Perm-Up	permethrin
		Pounce 384 EC	permethrin
		Ripcord 400 EC	cypermethrin
		Silencer 120 EC	lambda-cyhalothrin
		Up-Cyde	cypermethrin
4	Neonicotinoids	Actara 25 WG	thiamethoxam
		Admire 240 F	imidacloprid
		Alias 240 SC	imidacloprid
		Assail 70 WP	acetamiprid
		Calypso 480 SC	thiacloprid
5	Naturalyte/Spinosyns	Delegate WG	spinetoram
		Entrust 80 W	spinosad
		GF-120 NF	spinosad
		Success 480 SC	spinosad
6	Avermectin	Agri-Mek 1.9% EC	abamectin
10	Tetrazine	Apollo SC	clofentezine
11	B.t. microbial	Bioprotec CAF, Dipel 2X DF, Foray 48BA	Bacillus thuringiensis
15	Benzoylureas	Rimon 10 EC	novaluron
18	Ecdysone agonist	Confirm 240 F Intrepid 240 F	tebufenozide methoxyfenozide
20	Acequinocyl	Kanemite 15 SC	acequinocyl
21	Pyridazinone	Pyramite, Nexter	pyridaben
23	Tetronic acid derivatives	Envidor 240 SC	spirodiclofen
		Oberon	spiromesefin
		Movento 240 SC	spirotetramat
25	Carbazate	Acramite 50 WS	bifenazate
28	Anthranilic diamides	Altacor	chlorantraniliprole

¹ All members of Group 1 may not be cross-resistant, although they share the same primary target site and mode of action. For this reason, Group 1 is divided into subgroups Group 1A and 1B, each with different mechanisms of resistance. Assume that cross-resistance exists between pesticides in each sub-group, but that rotation of pesticides between sub-groups is an acceptable part of a resistance management program.
² Other resistance mechanisms that are not linked to site of action (i.e. enhanced metabolism) are common for this group of chemicals. All members of this class may not have developed significant cross-resistance.

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