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Starting a Commercial Nursery in Ontario
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Identify Your Market
- Production Systems
- Production Schedule
- Site Requirements
- Production Methods
- Equipment
- Cost of Production
- Final Thoughts
- Issues
- Resources
- Contacts
- Education
For suggested plant production recommendations and pest control information,
refer to OMAFRA Publication
383, Nursery and Landscape Plant Production.
Introduction
Nursery production is often seen as an easy way to earn money. Simply
by planting seedlings and returning to them in two, five or seven
years, a crop can be produced with little effort. However, unlike
some agricultural crops which are harvested after one season, nursery
stock requires regular cultural and financial input over several seasons
to produce a quality product. Success in the nursery industry requires
a well-defined market, a good location, a well-planned production
system and experience.
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Identify Your Market
Before planting any nursery stock, you must identify your market
and production goals. Who is going to buy your product? What size
do they want? What type of plants? You cannot produce a product and
then wait for the consumer. It is very important to take the time
in developing your business plan. The business plan summarizes your
business objectives and how you will attain them. Information on how
to prepare your business plan is available in the Ontario Ministry
of Agriculture and Food (OMAFRA ) Factsheet Preparing
a Business Plan, Order No. 99-011. Your potential customers may
be wholesale growers interested in "growing-on", landscapers,
garden centres, and home owners wanting a finished product for the
landscape. Survey your market, find out their needs and plan your
production accordingly. Ask yourself what plants you can grow better
than your competitor.
Because of the relatively long-term production cycle of nursery crops,
response to changes in consumer demands is slow, making the prediction
of plant material trends difficult. The demand of nursery products
is closely associated with the construction of residential and commercial
properties. Consumers are looking for quality, reasonable prices,
selection, colour, instant landscape results, low maintenance and
container gardening. After targeting your market, choose a production
system that best meets your market's needs.
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Production Systems
Nursery crops are either field grown or produced in containers. Many
nurseries use a combination of both systems. Typically, an operation
produces about five different crops: shade and flowering trees, conifers,
broadleaf evergreens, deciduous shrubs and herbaceous perennials.
Some nurseries produce certain specialty items.
Nurseries produce either finished plants, or growing-on stock. Finished
plants are ready for planting in the landscape or retailing through
garden centres. Stock for growing-on is sold to other nurseries for
finishing. Examples of growing-on stock include lining-out stock (rooted
cuttings, seedlings, grafts), liners (stock grown in beds for one
to two years), or whips (unbranched trees grown from budded or grafted
understock).
Table 1. Description of the different types of nursery products
and their characteristics.
| Product |
Characteristics |
Marketing Period |
Method of Growing |
Plant Group |
| Bare Root |
Soil removed from root system |
Only when plant is dormant |
Field of beds |
Deciduous trees and herbaceous perennials |
Ball & Burlalp
or wire basket |
Soil remains around a much reduced root system.
Ball of soil wrapped with burlap or other material. |
When plant is dormant, limited movement during
growing season. |
Field or beds |
Evergreens and deciduous trees |
| Container |
Entire root system confined to container during
growing |
Any time plant is attractive and large enough |
Container, field or beds: continuously in containers
or transplanted from field or beds |
All types of plants |
(1976. Furuta, T. Environmental Plant Production & Marketing.
Cox Publishing Co., California)
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Production Schedule
The production schedule outlines the movement of the crop through
the nursery. It consists of propagation, lining-out, growing-on, harvesting
and storage. This cycle can be tailored to suit your needs. For example,
you could purchase liners from a grower of lining out stock and grow
them on to market size. Propagation, a specialized aspect of the production
cycle, requires a great deal of patience and skill. Research and outline
the crop production on paper, from propagation to potting or planting,
fertilization, pest control and through to the point of sale.
The length of the production cycle varies depending on the crop and
schedule. A rapid growing evergreen (e.g. 45-60 cm Juniperus chinensis
"Old Gold") requires about 5 to 6 years:
| Field |
Container |
| Propagation: 1 year |
Propagation: 1 year |
| Field liner: 2 years |
Container: 2-3 years |
| Field grown: 2-3 years |
sold |
Flowering shrubs (e.g. Forsythia) reach saleable size (1.0 to 1.2
m) in about 3 or 4 years from a cutting:
| Field |
Container |
| Propagation: 1 year |
Propagation: 1 year |
| Field liner: 1 year |
Container: 1-2 years |
| Field grown: 1-2 years |
sold |
Caliper trees (shade and flowering trees) require about 8 years to
harvest as a 50mm caliper tree:
| Field |
Container |
| Seedling understock: 1 year |
Seedling understock: 1 year |
| Understock budded: 1 year |
Understock budded: 1 year |
| Budded whip: 1-2 years |
Budded whip: 1-2 years |
| Field grown: 5 years |
Field grown: 2-3 years then 1 year in container |
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Site Requirements
Environmental and economic factors need to be considered when selecting
a site for nursery production. You should be aware of your plant hardiness
zone to know what can and cannot be grown successfully in your area.
You should also be aware of the hardiness zone of your market.
Take time to plan the layout of your nursery. Plan for future expansion
and crop rotation. Allow yourself about a year to plan and prepare
the site before you begin to plant. Problems, seemingly minor at planting,
can have a long term impact on future growth.
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Access
Your nursery should be accessible to your customers and employees.
Contact local municipalities regarding any possible restrictions
to expansion and transportation access, especially if you are
planning on having a retail outlet.
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Water
An adequate supply of good quality water is essential for a nursery.
Water quality can be assessed by an agricultural testing laboratory,
accredited through OMAFRA . Public health laboratories check bacteria
only. The water should be analyzed for pH, soluble salts, bicarbonates,
boron, copper, sulphur, chlorine, iron, sodium, zinc, calcium
and magnesium. For further information on water quality. For a
list of accredit facilities see "Contacts"
or contact the OMAFRA Nursery Crops Specialist.
As a general rule of thumb, a container nursery requires 102,789
litres (1 acre-inch or 27,154 gallons) of water per day. The volume
of water required will change with weather, irrigation method
and the container medium. Field production requires about 107,789
litres (1 acre-inch or 27,154 gallons) of water per week. If you
require more than 50,000 litres of water per day, you must have
a Permit
to Take Water from the Ontario
Ministry of Environment and Energy (MOEE). Contact your district
MOEE office on how to obtain a permit. If you intend to change
a watercourse or erect a dam, you must contact the Ontario
Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR).
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Topography
Slopes of 1 to 2 % are easy to manage and provide good surface
water and air drainage. Slopes greater than 5% will be susceptible
to erosion. Avoid potential frost pockets. Flat, open areas should
be protected with windbreaks to reduce wind erosion and improve
winter snow cover.
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Soil
Soil maps of your area are available through the OMAFRA . These
maps provide some insight into the soil characteristics and topography
of your area. Review the farming history of the site. This can
indicate possible soil deficiencies, soil structure and possible
herbicides used.
Adequate soil drainage is crucial to both field and container
production. Ideally, fields should be accessible in early spring
and late fall. Tile draining extends the season and improves productivity.
Avoid areas that are subject to flooding.
To check the drainage of an area, you can dig a hole, 30 cm wide
by 30 cm deep. Fill the hole with water, allowing the water to
drain away. This will saturate the soil. Once the water has drained
away, fill the hole again with water. If water remains in the
hole after 24 hours, the site may require additional surface grading
or subsurface drainage. Several OMAFRA factsheets are available
on drainage. These can be found in the Factsheet list under "Resources"
at the end of this article.
Soil tests are important to evaluate the soil's pH and level
of fertility. Soil tests accredited by OMAFRA are the most accurate
tool available to you to determine the amounts of phosphorus,
potassium and magnesium fertilizers and lime which should be applied
for crop production. Used with plant analysis and nutrient deficiency
symptoms, fertilizer requirements for a specific crop on a specific
field can be determined. Refer to OMAFRA Publication 383, Nursery
and Landscape Plant Production, for sampling methods for soil
and container media. Soil sample boxes, information sheets, a
list of accredited laboratories and information on the cost of
various tests may be obtained from the OMAFRA Nursery Crops Specialist.
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Production Methods
Nursery stock is produced either in the field or in containers. The
final product, however, may be produced through a combination of both
methods. Advantages and disadvantages of field and container production
are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Field and Container
Production
| |
Field Production |
Container Production |
| Advantages |
- Low initial start-up costs
- Good for long term production
- Adaptability of equipment
- Less demanding on grower
- Little land preparation needed
|
- Intensive use of land
- Does not require productive land
- Reduction in production time
- Extends marketing season
- Mechanization
|
| Disadvantages |
- Shorter marketing and harvesting period
- Specialized digging equipment
- Less control over environmental factors
- Well drained, productive land needed
- Storage facilities needed
|
- High initial start-up costs
- Dependent on good water supply and distribution system
- More challenging and demanding of grower
- Winter protection
- Well drained site
- Requires much site preparation
|
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Field Production
Plants commonly grown in the field consist of bare root seedlings,
liners, shrubs, conifers and caliper trees (shade and flowering
trees) dug either as field-potted, ball and burlap (B&B) or
wire basket (WB). While initial capital investment may be lower
than container production, the annual investment in supplies and
land during the production cycle does not necessarily mean that
field production is cheaper than container growing. Field production
has a higher demand for labour in the spring and fall since planting
and harvesting must be done in a relatively short time.
When choosing the crops to be grown, you should consider the
soil texture. Bare root seedlings and liners dig easily from sandy
loam while B&B or wire basket trees dig better in a heavier
soil. Most field stock tolerates a wide pH range, 5.0-7.2. Some
plants however do require more acidic soils for good growth. For
example, to avoid yellowing leaves of pin oak, do not grow them
in soils with pH above 6.8.
Before planting, fields should be prepared about one year in
advance. Check the fertility of the soil through a soil test.
For more information on soil fertility, consult the OMAFRA Publication,
The Soil Fertility
Handbook. Perennial weeds should be eliminated and any organic
matter added at this time. For more information on weed control,
refer to OMAFRA Publication 383, Nursery
and Landscape Plant Production.
Spacing of plants in the field depends on species, length of
field time required to finish the plant, and the equipment you
are using. Do not crowd plants together. Adequate spacing is essential
for plant quality.
As a rule of thumb, B&B and WB caliper trees should have
90 cm (3 feet) between each plant with the row for each 25mm (1
inch) of caliper at harvest. For example, 50 mm (2 inch) caliper
trees would be planted at 1.8m (6 feet) apart within the row.
Distance between the rows depends on equipment. It may vary from
2 to 3.6 m (8 to 12 feet). Plant bareroot liners about 45 cm (18
inches) apart in rows.
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Container Production
In container production, plants are either grown continually
in a pot or they may be started in the field and transplanted
to a container. High density plastic containers, usually green
or black, are commonly used in container growing. Costs will vary
according to size of pot, manufacturer and quantity purchased.
Both #1 pots (3 L or 1 gallon) and #2 pots (6 L or 2 gallon) are
common in the industry. Fibre pots are poor for long term container
production as they decompose quickly.
Placing a field soil in the small, shallow, restricted volume
of a container results in very poor drainage and reduced oxygen
for the roots. Media for containers is prepared by combining organic
and inorganic amendments to provide a good, well-draining root
environment. Common media ingredients are equal parts of peat,
sand and soils or combinations of composted pine bark, peat and
sand. The ingredients should be readily available, relatively
inexpensive, easily handled in the nursery, free of pests and
disease, economically blended, uniform and able to store for a
short period of time with no significant changes in composition.
Depending on the number of containers to be potted, a commercially
prepared mix may be considered as an option rather than mixing
your own.
Composts are increasingly being used in container mixes as alternative
ingredients or substitute for peat moss. Typically, amounts vary
between 15 and 30% by volume in container mixes. Composts are
produced under varying conditions (seasons of the year, source
and mix of feedstock materials, turning frequencies, degree of
maturity, and other compost production variables) and thus may
vary widely in chemical composition and quality. It is important
to to have a good and reliable supply, and to know that your plants
respond well to these mixes in your container system. Therefore,
it is recommended that you grow a only a small portion of your
crops at first use. Increase use in later years if results are
satisfactory.
Using a well-drained medium in a container requires more frequent
irrigation than in the field. A good, dependable source of water
that will carry you through a long, hot, dry period is crucial
to a successful container growing operation.
Because of the large amounts of water being applied, the site
must be well drained. Tile drainage, slightly crowning the beds
(1-2% slope), and covering with gravel will help to improve drainage.
Plants cannot remain in standing water. Overhead sprinklers on
risers are usually the most common types of irrigation.
In order to provide optimum growing conditions, a regular fertilizer
program must also be considered. Container media have little or
no soil and their fertility is quite low. Consequently, fertilizers
must be added either as water soluble or controlled release fertilizer.
The impact of fertilizers on the environment and ground water
is an important concern for agriculture. Liquid feeding with a
totally water soluble fertilizer has been a widely accepted practice
in the past. However, in light of recent environmental concerns,
growers have been evaluating their fertilizer program in order
to achieve maximum efficiency and minimum impact on the environment
by reducing fertilizer leaching and collecting irrigation water
runoff.
There are several controlled release fertilizers available for
container nursery stock production. These materials may be incorporated
when making the potting mix or top-dressed later on. Use at the
manufacturer's suggested rates. When preparing the mix, avoid
excessive incorporation, which may break down the particles and
result in fertilizer toxicity. Potting mixes with pre-incorporated,
controlled release fertilizers should not be stored for an extended
period of time.
Weed control continues to be the biggest challenge facing container
growers. While there are a few herbicides registered for container
production, good cultural weed control is the start of a weedless
site. Placing a groundcover cloth on the ground before adding
gravel to the container yard can help in maintaining weed control.
Consult OMAFRA Publication 75, Guide
to Weed Control or OMAFRA Publication 383, Nursery
and Landscape Plant Production.
The roots of nursery stock do not tolerate extremely cold temperatures
as well as the tops. Consequently, container stock needs to be
protected during the winter months. Overwintering houses, usually
oriented in a north-south direction to reduce exposure to the
sun, consist of metal hoops (a Quonset house) covered with a white
plastic. Spacing between houses depends on summer spacing of pots,
width of driveways required and average snowloads.
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Equipment
Most equipment and machinery from existing farm operations can be
easily adapted to field and container growing operations. Depending
on specific production needs, some additional equipment may be required
such as bed diggers, U-blades (for digging and root pruning), tree
spades, transplanters and potting machines.
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Cost of Production
It is difficult to calculate a general dollar per hectare return
since costs, returns and length of the production cycle change relative
to the type of crop grown.
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Final Thoughts
Experience is the final ingredient for a successful operation. Share
your experiences with other nursery growers and learn from their experiences.
You must be willing to commit yourself for several years to ensure
a quality crop. Remember that success in nursery production starts
with a well planned production schedule and market analysis.
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Issues
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Provincial Issues
- Grower Pesticide Safety Course
In order to purchase and apply schedule 1,2 or 5 pesticides
on your nursery operation, you must have successfully completed
the Grower Pesticide Safety Course and been granted a Grower
Pesticide Safety Certificate. It is a one-day course. . For
more information, call the Agriculture
Information Contact Centre contact centre at 1-877-424-1300.
Courses are usually offered from November - March.
- Ontario Farm Registration
Ontario farmers who have a gross farm income of $7,000 or more
per year are required to register their business with OMAFRA.
The farm business registration number is one of the eligibility
criteria for the farmland property class tax rate and the Ontario
Whole Farm Relief Program. If the property is rented, the tenant
who is farming the land, rather than the landlord, must have
a farm registration number to qualify for the farmland property
class.For more information or to obtain a registration form,
farmers should call1-800-469-2285 or write to the Farm Registration/Farmland
Tax Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 2nd
Floor, 1 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 4Y2. Information can
also be found at www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA. Applications must include
a $150.00 cheque payable to one of the accredited general farm
organizations; either the Ontario Federation of Agriculture
or the Christian Farmers Federation of Ontario.
- Permit to Take Water (Ontario Water Resources Act)
This permit is required for the taking of more than 50,000 litres
(10,000 imperial gallons) of water per day from surface and/or
ground water sources, excluding domestic, livestock and fire
protection uses. For more details, contact your district Ministry of Environment (MOE) field
office.
- Pesticides Act
This schedules the use and storage of pesticides in Ontario.
It also regulates the use of pesticides for commercial applicators.
- Approval for the Construction of Dams and Ponds (Lakes and
Rivers Improvement Act)
Administered through the Ontario
Ministry of Natural Resources, this approval is required
for any construction work in or connected to a lake or river,
if it will hold back/forward/divert water.
- Weed Act
This act regulates the control of weeds in agricultural land
and of noxious weeds in Ontario in order to minimize the impact
of weeds on horticultural and agricultural production. Ontario
Noxious Weeds.
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National Issues
- Importing and Exporting Live Plants
The movement of plants across international and provincial borders
is the responsibility of the Canadian
Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). The import of plants requires
an import permit and international broker. Upon arrival, plants
will need to be inspected by a CFIA inspector. The export of plants
requires a Phytosanitary Certificate issued by CFIA. Other requirements
and restrictions may apply depending on the importing country.
CFIA Plant Health and Production Offices:
- Ottawa: (613) 274-7374
- Hamilton: (905) 572-4152
- London: (519) 645-5816/ 675-3461
- Niagara-on-the-Lake: (905) 262-5331
- Toronto: (905) 676-2545/905-676-2547
- Windsor: (519) 969-2522
- Belleville: (613) 969-3333
Permit applications (by fax only) (613) 228-6605
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Industry Issues
- Canadian Standards for Nursery Stock
Nursery stock must meet size and quality standards. These standards
are agreed to by the industry and developed with industry input.
A copy of these standards is available through the Canadian
Nursery Landscape Association (CNLA), (905) 875-1399.
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Resources
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OMAFRA Agriphone Service
Nursery-Landscape
Agriphone Message: it's free !
Call 1-888-290-4441 (or 519-826-3414) for weekly updates of pest
control recommendations on woody plants, from April to October.
OR you can subscribe by fax or e-mail to receive this message
automatically, just call 1-888-466-2372 (or 519-826-3700) to subscribe.
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Internet - OMAFRA
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OMAFRA Publications
Publication 383, Nursery
and Landscape Plant Production. It's your Ontario source
for detailed pest control recommendations for insect, disease,
animal and weed problems found with woody ornamentals. There are
detailed sections covering soil/media fertility and pesticide
safety. This guide comes complete with colour photos and an index!
.
To order OMAFRA publications
and factsheets, call 1-888-466-2372 (519-826-3700). Infosheets
can be accessed through the Internet. If you are unable to obtain
a copy( * ), please contact the OMAFRA Nursery Crops Specialist.
In addition to OMAFRA publications, I would like to suggest some
Agriculture Canada publications. You can ask about them at the OMAFRA
Publications Order Desk. The series of books is called "Best
Management Practices". Some of the more applicable ones are:
- Integrated Pest Management
- Irrigation Management
- *Horticultural Crops
- Nutrient Management
Infosheets: OMAFRA and OMNR
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Books
Culture:
1986. Container Nursery Design. Appleton, B.L. American Nurseryman
Publications Co., Chicago, IL.
1987. Media and Mixes for Container-Grown Plants. Bunt, A.C.
Unwin Hyman, London
2000. Nursery Management - Administration and Culture. 3rd edition.
Davidson, H., Mecklenburg, R. and Peterson, C. Prentice-Hall Inc.,
New Jersey.
1998. Manual
of Woody Landscape Plants. 5th edition. Dirr, M.A. Stipes
Publishing Co., Champaigne, Illinois.
1986. Pruning Simplified. Hill, L. Storey Communications Inc.
Pownal, Vermont
1989. Christmas Trees. Hill, L. Storey Communications Inc., Pownal,
Vermont.
1975. Nursery
Stock Manual. Lamb, J.G.D., Kelly, J.C. and Boxbrick. Grower
Books, London.
1997. Best Management Practices for Producing Container-Grown
Plants. Southern Nurseryman's Association. Marietta, Georgia.
1981. The Modern Nurseryman.
Stanley, J. and Toogood, A. Faber & Faber, London.
Propagation:
1990. Plant
Propagation: Principles and Practices. 5th edition. Hartmann,
H.T. and Kester, D.E. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey.
1986. Practical Woody Plant Propagation For Nursery Growers.
Macdonald, B. Timer Press, Portland, Oregon.
1987. The Reference Manual for Woody Plant Propagation. Dirr,
M.A. and Heuser, C.W. Jr. Varsity Press, Athens, Georgia.
Pests:
1999. Nursery
and Landscape Plant Production. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture,
Food and Rural Affairs. Queen's Printer, Toronto.
1978. Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants. 5th edition.
Pirone, P.P. J. Wiley & Sons, New York.
1988. Insects
That Feed on Trees and Shrubs. 2nd edition. Johnson, W.T.
and Lyon, H.H. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York.
1987. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. Sinclair, W.A., Johnson,
W.T. and Lyon, H.H. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New
York.
1986. Nursery and Landscape Weed Control. Rice, R.P. Thompson
publications.
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Trade Periodicals
American Nurseryman.
77 W. Washington St., Suite 2100, Chicago, Illinois. 60602-2904.
Phone: (312) 782-5505.
Horticulture Review. 7856 Fifth Line South. R.R. #4 Stn. Main,
Milton, Ontario L9T 2X8. Phone (800) 265-5656 Fax: (905) 875-3942
Landscape Trades. 7856 Fifth Line South. R.R. #4 Stn. Main, Milton,
Ontario L9T 2X8. Phone (800) 265-5656 Fax: (905) 875-3942
NMPro (Nursery Management and Production). P.O. Box 1868 Fort
Worth, Texas 76101.
The GTI
Lawn & Garden Letter Editor: Rob Witherspoon. Guelph Turf
Grass Institute. Tel: 519-824-4120 ext. 6886 Fax: 519-766-1704.
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Scientific Journals
International Plant
Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (annually)
Journal of Environmental Horticulture
Journal of Arboriculture
HortTechnology
HortScience
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Contacts
Canadian Nursery Landscape
Association. 7856 Fifth Line South. R.R. #4 Stn. Main, Milton,
Ontario L9T 2X8. Phone (905) 875-1399 Fax: (905) 875-1840
Christmas Tree Farmers
of Ontario.42 Glen Eton Road. Wasaga Beach, Ontario
L0L 2P0 Phone: 705-429-5328
Landscape Ontario Horticultural
Trades Association. 7856 Fifth Line South. R.R. #4 Stn. Main,
Milton, Ontario L9T 2X8. Phone (800) 265-5656 Fax: (905) 875-3942
American Nursery Landscape Association.
1250 1 Street N.W., Suite 500, Whashington, D.C. 20005 Phone: (202)
789-2900 Fax: (202) 789-1893
Internet:
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Education
Many colleges and universities offer horticulture, business, marketing
and computer courses over the winter months. The OMAFRA Nursery Crops
Specialist also offers nursery workshops, (519) 824-4120 ext. 2671.
Independent Study/OAC Access,
University of Guelph, (519) 824-4129 ext. 3375
Hort Science Division, Dept. Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph
'Associate Diploma in Agriculture', (519) 824-4120 ext. 2783
Landscape Ontario, Horticultural
Trades Foundation, 'Winter Workshops', 'Pre-Apprentice Program', (800)
265-5656
Humber
College 'Horticultural Apprenticeship', Arboriculture, (416) 675-6622
ext. 4392
Niagara
Parks School of Horticulture Niagara Parks Diploma (N.P.D.), (905)
356-8554
Niagara College, Glendale Campus,
'Horticultural Technician', 'Landscape Technician', (part-time and
full-time)
(905) 641-2252 ext. 4460/4470, E-mail: tball@niagarac.on.ca
Mohawk College,"Landscape
Design', 'Horticulture', (part-time and full-time), (905) 318-4295
(mailbox no. 1795)
Lambton College, 'Landscape/Nursery
Technician', (519) 542-7751
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For more information:
Toll Free: 1-877-424-1300
Local: (519) 826-4047
E-mail: ag.info.omafra@ontario.ca
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