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Cover Crops: Red Clover

Author: Anne Verhallen - Soil Management Specialist (Hort Crops)/OMAFRA; Adam Hayes - Soil Management Specialist (Field Crops)/OMAFRA; Ted Taylor - Technical Coordinater, BMP Program/OMAFRA
Creation Date: June 2001
Last Reviewed: 25 August 2003

Table of Contents

  1. Description: Family
  2. Growth Habits
  3. Control Options
  4. Sensitivity to Herbicides
  5. Weed Control
  6. Benefits and Cautions
  7. Getting Started
  8. Related Links

Description

Figure 1 - Red Clover in Flower

Figure 1. Red Clover in Flower

Figure 2 - Red Clover as a cover crop after wheat

Figure 2. Red Clover As A Cover Crop After Wheat
Family:
  • Leguminosae
  • Species Trifolium pratense L.

Growth Habits

Germination
  • Innoculate with Rhizobium trifolii
  • Plant shallow
Top Growth
  • 20 to 60 cm height growth
  • best growth in moist, cool conditions
  • usually flowers within 65 days of planting - will continue to flower every 30 to 35 days after harvest once established
Root System
  • thick tap root that grows 60 to 90 cm per year
  • lateral roots are found mostly in top 12 cm of soil
Overwintering
  • short-lived perennial
  • will overwinter
Site suitability
  • will grow on a wide variety of soil conditions - including slightly acidic pH
  • shade tolerant
  • short lived perennial, persists 1 to 2 years in southern Ontario, 2 to 3 years in northern Ontario
  • best growth with soil pH 6.0 to 7.0

 

Figure 3 - Depth meter

Figure 3. Depth Meter

Figure 4 - Red Clover Root Systems for single cut and double cut crop

Figure 4. Red Clover Root Systems for single cut and double cut crop

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Control Options

  • systemic herbicides
  • tillage

Sensitivity to Herbicides

  • Red clover is sensitive to the soil residues of atrazine and some Group 2 herbicides.


Weed Control

  • Red Clover is frequently underseeded into a cereal crop and any weed control herbicide program must be:
    • safe to the cereal crop
    • effective on the weeds
    • safe to the cover crop
  • Usually the major weed control problems will be with winter annuals in fall seeded crops and with annual broadleaf weeds in spring cereals. Sometimes the herbicide needed to control the weed is not safe on the cover crop.
    The safest formulation of MCPA is the sodium salt form but MCPA is only safe at low rates. Higher rates may give better weed control but frequently it will stunt the clover or kill it. 2,4-D will injure red clover.
  • See Publication 75, Guide to Weed Control for herbicide recommendations for use on "Winter Wheat and Fall Rye Underseeded to Clovers" (Achieve, Buctril M, MCPA, MCPA/MCPB) or on "Spring Wheat, Oats, Barley Underseeded to Forage Crops" ( Avenge, Achieve, MCPA Sodium, or MCPA/MCPB).

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Benefits and Cautions

Nutrient Management
  • efficient nitrogen-fixer - 45 kg/ha for plowdown clover (40cm in height)
Pest Management
  • host to several insects, nematodes and diseases
  • host to root-lesion and root-knot nematodes
  • will stimulate soybean cyst nematode cyst hatching - and if a proper host is not present - will reduce population
Organic Matter
  • adds considerable biomass
  • improves conditions for soil microbial life
Erosion Control
  • once established, extensive soil protection provided
  • improves soil infiltration and structural strength
Soil Moisture
  • improves water holding capacity, infiltration and permeability rates

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Getting Started

Establishment
  • seed 11 kg/ha, lower if seeded with a forage grass like timothy
  • usually frost seeded, but can be drilled or broadcast shallowly
  • slow growing at the beginning, more easily established than alfalfa
  • use a clover type inoculant if clover has not been grown recently
Cost & Availability
  • seed readily available - 2 kinds available, single (late blooming)and double cut (early blooming, usually more expensive seed)

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Related Links

For more information:
Toll Free: 1-877-424-1300
Local: (519) 826-4047
E-mail: ag.info.omafra@ontario.ca