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Air Pollution Injury on Potatoes
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IntroductionPotato plants can be injured when exposed to high concentrations of various air pollutants. Air pollution injury was noticed on potatoes in Ontario in the mid-1960's. Black flecking or pepper-like spots were noticed on the underside of leaves and sometimes on the top. Injury can range from visible markings on the foliage to complete kill of the plant. Growth and yield can also be reduced from exposure to air pollutants. Development and severity of injury depends on a number of factors. These include concentration of the pollutants, environmental conditions, stage of development of the plant, varietal susceptibility and overall health of the plants.
Figure 1. Black-flecking or pepper spotting on
the potato foliage as commonly noticed since the mid-1960's. Hamilton,
Ontario.
Figure 2. Chlorosis and interveinal necrosis
on the foliage of Atlantic after exposure to air pollutants.
| Top of Page | Environmental ConditionsThe following combinations of environmental conditions are conducive to a build-up of injurious levels of pollutants. 1. Atmospheric ozone levels over 80 ppb for four or five consecutive hours, or 70 ppb for a day or two are usually sufficient to injure exposed foliage at a susceptible stage of growth. 2. High levels of automobile exhausts. Crop injury is often visible on fields in close proximity to the #400 highway after heavy weekend traffic. 3. Humid conditions with cloudy, hazy overcast days and little breeze leads to a high concentration of pollutants at ground level and in hollows. High pollution indexes in Toronto and Hamilton are a good indication that this is occurring. 4. Foggy conditions and heavy dews often contribute. When atmospheric conditions for injury exist definite symptoms on the potato foliage may not always be evident, but the crop may take on a slightly yellow tinge and mature faster than expected.
Figure 3. Early senescence of a susceptible variety (Yukon Gold); showing field of potato plants after exposure to air pollutants. Primrose, Ontario.
| Top of Page | Development and SusceptibilityThe stage of development of the potato plant is also an important factor in its susceptibility to air pollution. The potato crop is unlikely to show damage in the vegetative stage, but is quite susceptible in the tuber bulking stage. Stress to the potato plant whether from heavy tuber bulking, lack of nutrition, insufficient moisture, or disease predisposes the plant to injury from high levels of air pollutant. Plants subjected to stress at tuber set may mature existing tubers and cease bulking. Yield losses depend on the potato growth stage.
Figure 4. Severe edge killing and leaf rolling
(note immature plant on right is not susceptible).
| Top of Page | Varietal SusceptibilityVarietal susceptibility mainly to ozone is another key factor as to whether injury will occur. Some varieties are genetically more susceptible to ozone than others, i.e., Norland is rarely grown in southern Ontario any more for this reason. Other varieties that have shown levels of susceptibility are Jemseg, Yukon Gold, Atlantic and Shepody. See rating chart compiled by Dr. A. McKeown at the Simcoe Horticultural Station.
Figure 5. Severe burning of foliage on Atlantic.
Figure 6. Sudden kill of Superior after exposure
to combinations of air pollutants
Figure 7. Top rossetting and leaf curling typical
of air pollution damage of Shepody.
Figure 8. Symptoms of acid rain on Trent, a more
susceptible variety to acid rain.
*Some cultivars included under process are used for
fresh market. Note: Norland can be used as an indicator for ozone since it is very sensitive. | Top of Page | Photochemical OxidantsPhotochemical oxidant air pollutants may cause premature aging or death of the plant, beginning as a yellowing or bronzing and early death of the lower leaves. Symptoms resemble those of senescence and poor nutrition. Vegetation injury resulting from a buildup of oxidants in the air can occur over a large geographical region. For example on August 11 and 12, 1990 exposures on the weekend caused foliage damage on potatoes from Shelburne to Kapuskasing. | Top of Page | Ozone, the major component of oxidants is formed by the action of sunlight
on products of fuel combustion and can be moved to nearby growing areas
by wind. Symptoms vary depending on the concentration of ozone in the
air and the length of exposure, as stated before. Ozone injury occurs
on the most recently emerged leaves. Typical ozone injury may not be
evident on leaves exposed to a mixture of pollutants. Symptoms differ
in different areas of the province.
Figure 9. Potato foliage with flecking "pepper
spotting" injury typical of ozone injury.
| Top of Page | Sulphur DioxidesPotato leaves are relatively resistant to injury by sulphur dioxides. However, exposure to high levels of sulphur dioxides will result in light tan to white necrotic areas and yields may be reduced. Symptoms on nearby sensitive plants such as alfalfa, soybean, ragweed, and smartweed helps in confirming a diagnosis. Sources of sulphur dioxides are emissions from coal burning power plants, smelters and from the burning of petroleum. Losses in sensitive cultivars may be severe following exposure early in the season.
Figure 10. Sulphur dioxide injury is reddish-brown
between veins of smartweed of Ladies Thumb. Blezard Valley, Ontario.
Figure 11. Sulphur dioxide injury on potato foliage.
Note white or bleached dead tissue.
Figure 12. Injury to susceptible variety on left is severe
following exposure to air pollution late August. Resistant variety
to the right has been chemically top-killed. Figure 13. Potato plant recovering from early exposure to
air pollution.
Figure 14. Injury typical of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate (PAN) creates
a glazy bronzing on the underside of newly expanded potato leaves.
Figure 15. Injury from air pollution can also be expressed
by the plant in the form of bronzing.
Figure 16. One side of the plant may be more severely affected
than the other side. Note the interveinal darkening of the foliage
on the left side of the plant.
Figure 17. Leaf rolling accompanied by interveinal necrosis
is often the result of exposure to air pollutants.
Figure 18. Affected areas of the plant often dry out and die
within days of exposure.
To help assist in the diagnosis of air pollution damage, the following
photos have been included:
Figure 19. Late blight: brown or black lesions
on foliage often surrounded by a pale yellow margin. Fluffy spores surrounding
lesion may be found on underside of leaf while the dew is still present.
Figure 20. Early blight: brown necrotic spots
formed from concentric rings similar to a target.
Figure 22. Veinal chlorosis symptom caused by the herbicide metribuzin.
| Top of Page | For more information:Toll Free: 1-877-424-1300 Local: (519) 826-4047 E-mail: ag.info.omafra@ontario.ca |
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