Use of High Pressure Steam in the Production of Maple Products

Agdex#:	383/737
Publication Date:	03/03
Order#:	03-027
Last Reviewed:	03/03
History:
Written by:	D. Chapeskie

Table of Contents

1. History of Development and Progress of High Pressure Steam Systems
2. Benefits of Using High Pressure Steam
3. Definitions
4. Major Components of a Steam System Used in Production of Maple Products
   • Steam Boiler
   • Boiler Safety Equipment
   • Boiler Feedwater System
   • Condensate Return System and Condensate Tank
   • Boilers Blowdown System
   • Steam Traps
   • Steam Heat Transfer Equipment
   • Steam Systems Piping
5. Considerations Regarding the Use of High Pressure Steam
6. Planning for setting Up a Steam System
7. Codes, Standards and Regulations
8. Design Approval and Inspection of Boilers and Pressure Vessels by an Authorized Agency
9. Acknowledgements
10. Related Links

Introduction

High-pressure steam is a viable alternative processing method used for the production of maple products with considerable success and satisfaction. In recent years, many maple producers have found this method has a wide range of benefits and it is expected that the use of this technology will increase significantly.

Producers considering implementing a high-pressure steam system should become familiar with this very specialized technology and should seek the assistance of qualified persons when planning their system. This will ensure that the steam system selected and installed will conform with jurisdictional regulations. A well-designed and safe steam system capable of meeting the high-pressure steam requirements of the maple operation is an important goal for anyone planning on using it.

History of Development and Progress of High Pressure Steam Systems in the Maple Industry

The use of high-pressure steam in the maple industry dates back to the latter part of the 19^th century. By then steam boilers had become readily available for use on farms in both Canada and the United States and commercially made steam evaporators were available on a limited basis.

The development and improvement of conventional open pan, wood, oil and gas fired evaporators continued throughout the 20^th century. They were widely accepted by commercial producers who had abandoned most other equipment except for those who chose to use high-pressure steam for boiling.

In the past fifty years, there has been one significant attempt by a maple equipment manufacturer to provide new processing equipment using high-pressure steam. In 1968, the G. H. Grimm Co. Inc. of Rutland, Vermont produced the first of several dozen steam finishing pans known as Sipple steam finishing evaporators. Some are still in use today. During this period other companies have supplied custom-made flat pans and steam coils on a limited basis.

Commercial steam jacketed kettles made for a variety of applications are available from several manufacturers and have been used by maple producers for heating and/or finishing maple syrup.

High-pressure steam boilers have greatly improved over the past 50 years. Welded boilers built to rigid standards with fully automatic controls are safer, stronger and more efficient than the older riveted, hand operated boilers built previously.

In recent years many maple operations have been getting larger and more attention is being placed on production costs and the production of high quality maple products. This has led to a greater interest in new and improved technologies including the use of high-pressure steam, reverse osmosis, improved arches and evaporator pans.

The recent improvements in steam boilers and the successful use of Sipple steam finishing pans and other steam evaporation equipment has been encouraging. This has also prompted an increased interest in steam.

To learn more about the use of high-pressure steam in the maple industry, OMAFRA has conducted three important studies since 1995. For the most recent information on these reviews refer to the OMAFRA Agroforestry Web site.

The first was a "Review and Evaluation of the Use of High Pressure Steam in the Production of Maple Products". This review included an important survey of 24 maple producers with experience in the use of it. The second was a "Review of Safety in the Use of High Pressure Steam in the Production of Maple Products". As with all farming operations, safety is an important consideration and should be dealt with appropriately. The third review related to "High Pressure Boiler Selection for the Production of Maple Products". The review covered what to consider when selecting a boiler for a steam system which has been designed to achieve a producers goals and needs.

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Benefits of Using High Pressure Steam

Maple producers using high-pressure steam find there are many advantages. Some important advantages include:

• Steam is a constant heat source and offers excellent control of boiling.

• There is no burning or scorching of syrup.

• It is easy to pipe steam to wherever you need it in the sugarhouse.

• Boiling pans are comparatively small and low cost. No arch or flue pans are needed.

• It is easy to remove scale from the steam coils, pans or kettles.

• The time and labour involved in processing is minimized, especially when used with a reverse osmosis machine.

• Most producers find that using high-pressure steam is economical, even less costly for some than using other methods.

• Steam is excellent for maintaining good sanitary conditions for processing.

• There are many uses for steam other than boiling, such as cleaning equipment, reheating syrup for packing, heating water and the sugar camp, etc. (Figure 1)

• Many producers find it easy to produce high quality maple products with considerable consistency.

Definitions

Steam System

A steam system comprises all the components in a functional system. e.g., boiler, piping, steam evaporator, steam jacketed kettles, steam traps, condensate return tank.

Figure 1. In addition to processing sap there are many other uses for steam around a sugar camp, such as cleaning drums.

Power Boiler

As defined by Section 1 of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, a power boiler is one which steam or other vapour is generated at a pressure of more than 15 pounds per square inch (psig) for use external to itself. (Psig is the pressure of steam above atmospheric pressure in pounds per square inch measured at the boiler gauge.)

High Pressure Steam

High-pressure steam is steam pressure over 15 psig. Consequently, high-pressure steam boilers are power boilers.

Boiler Rating

When selecting a boiler, it is important to know and understand the boiler rating. It is the heating capacity of a boiler expressed in boiler horsepower, BTU's per hour, and/or pounds of steam per hour.

The commercial rating of a boiler is the standard adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and is known as the ASME standard.

Boiler Horsepower

Boiler horsepower designates the capacity of a boiler with regards to its ability to evaporate a specific amount of water per hour under a given set of conditions. According to the ASME standard, a boiler horsepower is the evaporation of 34.5 lb. of water into steam per hour from and at 212°F and the absolute pressure is 14.7 lb/in.² The heat required to produce a boiler horsepower unit is therefore 34.5 ´ 971.7 or 33,523 BTU's per hour.

Modern Package Boilers

Package boilers are pre-assembled at the factory before shipping and installation. They are self-contained units complete with fuel pump, burner assembly, and combustion controls. They are shipped on beams and arrive ready for an on-site installation, which involves connecting feedwater lines, steam lines, fuel lines, electrical connections, and hooking into breaching and chimney before operation.

Package boilers can be either a firetube or watertube type. All new package boilers are fire tested before leaving the factory. Modern package scotch marine type firetube boilers are popular with maple producers using high-pressure steam.

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Major Components of a Steam System Used in Production of Maple Products

1. Steam Boiler

There are 2 main types of boilers: firetube and watertube. Both types are used in the maple industry. There are several manufacturers of each type on the market today. (Figure 2)

Figure 2. Modern steam evaporator with a sap preheater in the hood.

I. Firetube Boilers

In firetube boilers the combustion gases and heat pass through tubes that are surrounded by water and steam.

Some examples of firetube boilers are Scotch Marine, Vertical Tube, Horizontal Return Tubular (HRT) and Locomotive.

Scotch Marine Boilers

Scotch marine boilers (Figure 3) constitute the largest number of boilers in use today for commercial and small industrial use. It is also the most common boiler type used by maple producers.

Scotch marine boilers are multi-pass boilers. This means that the gases of combustion (heat) will make several passes before leaving the boiler. They are manufactured as 2, 3 or 4 pass boilers.

These boilers have an internal furnace (combustion chamber) with tubes, passing through the boiler to the front tube sheet. The furnace is completely surrounded by water.

Modern firetube scotch marine boilers of welded construction are manufactured by many companies. They are available in either dryback or wetback designs and are produced as package boilers ready for installation at the sugar camp.

Figure 3. Modern Scotch Marine Firetube boilers are the most common type used by maple producers.

Vertical Tube Boiler

Vertical tube boilers are manufactured as either dry top or wet top boilers. They are used where floor space is limited, but plenty of headroom is available.

The dry top boiler produces steam that is slightly superheated which can cause the tubes in the upper tube sheet to leak. The wet top boiler does not produce superheated steam because the upper tube sheet is surrounded by water. They are single pass boilers since the combustion gases cannot be retained by the use of baffles. They are not as efficient as other types of multipass boilers.

Where floor space is a problem, newer vertical tube boilers of welded construction are suitable depending on their applications.

Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler (HRT)

This type of boiler consists of a drum fitted with tubes. HRT boilers are externally fired and suspended over a furnace. Installation of an HRT boiler requires construction of an external firebox usually brick or concrete. The proportionally small area of heating surface exposed to radiant heat, limits the efficiency and flexibility of heat absorption in this type of boiler.

Newer HRT boilers of welded construction are suitable in applications where maple producers plan to burn wood since they can be equipped with a wood burning firebox.

The Locomotive Boiler

Locomotive boilers are internally fired. The combustion gas flow through these boilers is straight through the tubes and out. In all single pass boilers like these, the gas exit temperature may be comparatively high with a resultant lower efficiency. Most locomotive style boilers are older boilers, usually of riveted construction.

Riveted construction, poor efficiency and excessive age are all factors that make these older locomotive style boilers unsuitable for commercial use.

II. Watertube Boilers

In a watertube boiler the steam and/or water is in the tubes and the heat and combustion gases pass around the tubes.

Watertube boilers are noted for their fast steaming capability. Steam is generated quickly because of the relatively low water content in the boiler. This enables watertube boilers to respond quickly to changing load demands. They are externally fired and require refractory material within the furnace area.

Typically, water tube boilers consist of multiple drums. An upper steam drum and lower mud drum are connected by tubes which form both the convection section and the furnace area of the boiler.

Two types of watertube steam boilers are used by maple producers. They are the bent or flexible type and the coil type.

Bent of Flexible Watertube Boiler

The bent tube boiler is a multi-drum boiler. They consist of one or more steam drums in the upper part of the boiler and one or more mud drums in the lower part. These boilers are also referred to as flexible tube. They are available as package boilers.

Coil Watertube Boiler

Fully automatic coil type watertube boilers are available as package boilers and tend to be expensive. They are sometimes referred to as steam generators.

The generating tubes of coil type boilers consist of small diameter helical, spiral or horizontal coils of tubing.

As with all types of watertube boilers, proper treatment is important. Replacing watertube coils is expensive and these boilers are complicated to service. Maple producers using watertube boilers tend to prefer the bent or flexible tube type boilers.

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2. Boiler Safety Equipment

When boilers are constructed they are required to be equipped with safety equipment. For more information on these requirements, refer to Codes, Standards and Regulations.

The type of safety equipment depends mainly on the type and size of boiler, and the jurisdictional area where it will be used. Proper installation and maintenance of safety equipment is important.

Some important boiler safety equipment is as follows:

• safety relief valve
• pressure gauge
• water column
• water level gauge glass
• try cocks
• low water fuel cutoffs
• fusible plug
• main steam line stop valve
• boiler blowdown line and valves
• automatic burner controls

Be sure to get help from qualified individuals regarding boiler safety equipment and its operation and maintenance.

3. Boiler Feedwater System

The boiler feedwater system is an important component within the steam system. It must be installed correctly and operated properly to ensure that the boiler receives a sufficient supply of water. A feedwater pump uses condensate from the condensate tank as well as other makeup water and pumps it on demand into the boiler.

Some important components, which may be found in the feedwater system, are the feedwater pump, feedwater lines with check valve and stop valve and float feedwater regulators.

The exact components found in the feedwater system will vary with type of boiler and application.

4. Condensate Return System and Condensate Tank

The condensate return system returns all condensate to the condensate tank. After steam has left the boiler and released heat through pipes and heat exchangers (evaporators, kettles) it condenses and turns back to water. This condensate is pure and should be returned to the boiler room and reused. By using condensate for boiler makeup water, less outside makeup water (raw water) has to be used thus reducing the amount of water treatment chemicals needed to control scale deposits. Using hot condensate also reduces fuel consumption (Figure 4).

Condensate is released from the steam lines, steam coils and equipment through steam traps.

Condensate return lines must be sized to accommodate both the condensate and flash steam produced. Where gravity return lines are not possible and sufficient pressure is not available, it will be necessary to pump the condensate to the condensate tank.

The condensate tank collects all the condensate returned in the system and must be sized to ensure sufficient feedwater supply for the boiler.

Typically the tank includes a float switch or alternator in the case of a duplex arrangement, a float operated valve for raw water supply, a strainer, a water level gauge glass and a dial type thermometer. The tank should also have an overflow pipe, a properly sized vent and a drain in the bottom.

Put water treatment into the condensate tank feedwater. Commercial chemical pot feeders are available for installation in the feedwater system.

Figure 4. Condensation return tank.

Flash Steam

High-pressure condensate forms at the same temperature as high-pressure steam from which it condenses as the latent heat is removed.

When the condensate is discharged to a lower pressure, the energy it contains is greater than it can hold while remaining as water. This excess energy re-evaporates some of the water as steam at lower pressure. This steam is known as flash steam. To maximize efficiency this flash steam should be utilized as in preheating cold sap for the RO machine or before it enters the evaporating pan (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Use this flash stream to maximize efficiency, for example preheating sap.

5. Boiler Blowdown System

All boilers have a blowdown pipe fitted with a valve or cock. Boilers operating at 100 pounds per square inch (psi) or more have 2 bottom blowdown valves. A blowdown tank may also be used.

Under normal operating conditions, the reason for boiler blowdown is to lower the suspended and dissolved solids in the boiler water. The solids are brought in by the feedwater and concentrate in the boiler water.

The frequency of blowdown depends on the feedwater quality. A good practice for boilers not operated on a specific water treatment plan is to blowdown the boiler, each low water cutoff or water column each day when firing up while the steam pressure is low.

For different boiler designs, refer to manufacturer's instruction manuals for specific details regarding boiler blowdown.

6. Steam Traps

Steam traps are an important component of steam systems used in the production of maple products since they contribute to both safety and efficiency. They are automatic devices that increase the overall efficiency of a steam system by removing air and condensate (water) from the steam lines without loss of steam. Locate steam traps at low points where condensation accumulates in the system. For maximum efficiency and safety remove all condensation. Condensation results from cooling of steam in the lines and in the evaporation coils during boiling. Condensate is formed in the coils as the steam gives up its heat through the walls of the tubing causing the sap to boil.

During cold weather when the steam system is not operating be sure to drain steam traps to prevent freezing.

Seek advice from experienced persons regarding selection, installation safe operation and maintenance of steam traps. The manufacturers of steam traps offer technical assistance as well as written guidelines. Typical locations for steam traps in a maple operation utilizing high-pressure steam are listed below.

• At the end of the steam mainline before going into the coils in the boiling pan to discharge condensate produced by radiation losses in the mainline as the steam moves from the boiler to the boiling pan.

• Below the exit of each steam coil in a boiling pan to remove condensate produced in the coil as a result of heat transfer in boiling the sap.

• Steam Jacketed Kettles: There are 2 main types of steam jacketed kettles, fixed gravity drum and tilting siphon drum. Each type requires a specific method of trapping steam.

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7. Steam Heat Transfer Equipment

Flat Pans equipped with steam coils for initial boiling and finishing

A flat pan equipped with lateral divisions and steam coils to do the initial boiling is the most common steam evaporator used. These pans by comparison are much smaller than conventional evaporator pans. They are less expensive and do not require flues or an arch.

Cold sap is normally preheated using the conventional Raithby style preheater coil in the steam hood. Many producers use a reverse osmosis machine for initial sap concentration.

Flat pans equipped with divisions and steam coils can be constructed on order by most maple equipment manufacturers. Many factors must be considered in designing a steam pan and coils to meet specific boiling requirements. The manufacturer will need to discuss these details in order that a safe and properly sized steam evaporator is supplied.

Steam flat pans used for finishing are similar in design to those used for initial boiling but they are usually smaller because less concentration is required. Flat finishing pans are constructed similarly with lateral divisions open at the ends so the finished syrup can be removed at one end. Small pans, used when little evaporation is needed do not require lateral divisions if the batch system is used for evaporation. For safe and efficient operation, remove scale regularly, usually daily from the steam coils or tubes. All flat pans equipped with steam coils require the installation of steam traps. Discuss this with the manufacturer.

A variation of the flat pan with steam coils is the V-type Sipple steam finishing pan, which is still available (Figure 6).

Figure 6. The Sipple Steam Finishing Evaporator was first manufactured in 1968.

Finishing with Commercial Direct Steam Jacketed Kettles

Steam jacketed kettles are usually made of stainless steel and are available in a wide range of sizes up to several hundred gallons. Most maple producers using them prefer the 40-50 gal U.S sizes. The 2 main types of steam jacketed kettles available are fixed gravity drain and tilting siphon drain. Each type requires a specific method of trapping steam (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Stainless steel steam jacketed kettles are used for heating or finishing maple products.

It is important to note that steam jacketed kettles are built by commercial manufacturers to operate at pressures up to specified maximums and are constructed to ASME code specifications. Kettles are connected to the steam piping from the boiler and usually require the addition of a pressure-reducing valve to lower the pressure for their operation. Automatic kettle control systems are available. They are simple to operate and will assure consistent processing temperatures and batch to batch consistency. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions for installation, operation and maintenance of steam kettles to ensure safe use of them.

If purchasing a used kettle, be sure that it will pass the inspection before you buy it. Check the manufacturer's specified operating pressure and as with new equipment follow the manufacturer's instructions for installation, operation and maintenance.

8. Steam Systems Piping

The term piping is generally broadly applied to pipe fittings, valves and other components that convey liquids, gases, etc, including steam. There are no fixed standards for the design of steam distribution piping systems. However piping is a major factor to be considered in the selection and design of a steam distribution system. Pipe, pipe joints, valves and other components used in steam systems must be rated for steam and operated within their rated pressure and temperature values.

Thermostatic air vents are installed at the end of the steam main, on each steam coil and kettle since air is an even greater impediment to steam heat transfer efficiency than water.

Seek advice and assistance from qualified engineers, boiler service technicians and/or manufacturers regarding the design and installation of steam systems piping.

Considerations Regarding the Use of High Pressure Steam

Before installing a high-pressure steam system consider the following.

• New high-pressure steam equipment is expensive; however most maple producers using it have been successful in obtaining good used equipment at a lower cost.

• Depending on where you live, steam systems can be expensive to install and service.

• It may be difficult to find qualified and experienced help in your area to provide you with information and assistance when setting up.

• Boiler repairs can be expensive.

• High-pressure steam systems can be dangerous if not installed, operated and maintained properly.

• There are rules and regulations concerning the installation, use and operation of high pressure steam systems, which may vary depending on where you live. You must become familiar with them and follow them.
  
  

Planning for Setting Up a Steam System

An individual steam system must be planned for each maple operation.

If contemplating using high pressure steam, carefully plan your steam systems with the aid of experienced and qualified help, including boiler and steam equipment manufacturers, authorized boiler inspectors, mechanical engineers, industrial boiler service technicians, stationary engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, State or Provincial governments and insurance companies.

The following are items to address in planning a steam system for a maple operation.

• Determine steam load requirements and decide on boiler type, size (horsepower) and operating pressure.

• Ensure the proper selection of boiler connections, appurtenances and controls. For example, pressure gauge, water column, gauge glass, gauge cocks, valves and piping, pressure reducing valves, low water fuel cutoffs, steam traps.

• Ensure proper boiler auxiliary equipment such as feedwater pumps, condensate return tank, etc.

• Determine evaporating equipment requirements - type, size and capacity of flat pans, steam coils and/or steam kettles. Will other conventional evaporators or reverse osmosis machines be used as well?

• Ensure proper fuel storage and electrical installations.

• Determine space needs; sugar house construction details, boiler room construction and layout, etc. For example, be sure to allow sufficient space for opening end doors on the boiler to facilitate cleaning and be sure to allow enough clearance for removal and installation of boiler tubes.

• Plan all work so it is done in accordance with codes, rules and regulations for your jurisdictional area.

• When equipment needs are determined you must decide whether to buy new or used equipment. Maple producers often buy used equipment in good condition at considerable cost savings. If planning to buy used equipment be sure to have an experienced boiler service technician check over the condition of the equipment before you buy it.

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Codes, Standards and Regulations

There are several codes, standards, laws and regulations regarding boilers and related equipment to consider when planning a steam system.

The boiler industry is closely regulated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the ASME codes that govern manufacture, inspection and quality assurance. All new boilers must have an ASME stamp. Section 1 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code covers the design, fabrication and inspection of boilers. It is important to note that section 1 of the boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applies only to new construction of boilers. It then becomes the responsibility of the user to maintain the boiler and other components of the steam system in accordance with the requirements of the jurisdiction where the system is installed and used.

For boilers in service, requirements for operation, inspection, repair and alteration vary considerably so be sure to check with your local jurisdictional authority for details.

A listing from Underwriters Laboratory (UL), Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC or cUL), Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Canadian Gas Association (CGA) or Canadian registration number (CRN) may be required.

Provincial, state or local authorities may require data on the boiler controls or basic design criteria. Most provincial, state and sometimes local authorities require a permit to install and/or operate a boiler and require an annual boiler inspection. There may also be insurance industry requirements.

Regulations regarding services to the boiler, including blowdown, safety relief, smoke duct and or stack, electrical and gas codes are applied on a jurisdictional basis.

Design Approval and Inspection of Boilers and Pressure Vessels by an Authorized Agency (for Ontario TSSA)

Where certification and/or licensing are required by the jurisdictional authorities the authorized inspector is normally the individual who will make the required inspections for the issuance of the certificate and or license to operate.

Boiler inspections involve both external and internal examinations. Boiler inspections may involve a hydrostatic boiler test or nondestructive examinations such as an ultrasonic test, radiographic test, visual inspection, etc.

In the United States insurance companies have traditionally been the authorized inspection agencies providing inspection for the ASME Code Symbol stamp holders. Prior to 1996 all Canadian provinces provided authorized inspection services. Now Ontario and Alberta have privatized their authorized inspection services.

In Ontario, the authorized agency is called the Technical Standards and Safety Authority (TSSA). Under the Technical Standards and Safety Act, 2000, the following regulations must be addressed:

• Boiler and Pressure Vessel Regulation: This regulation applies to the design, construction, maintenance, use, operation, repairs and service of boilers, pressure vessels and piping. Basically, no steam system shall be installed without the initial approval of this regulation and specific aspects of the system's ongoing safe operation and maintenance are also required.

Contact information: Mr. Rick Mile

Operations Manager

Boilers and Pressure Vessels Safety Program

(416) 325-0949

• Operating Engineers Regulation: This regulation applies to the use of equipment, process or procedure including the design, construction, erection, modification, management, operation service, maintenance and repair. Basically, no steam boiler or associated systems and equipment shall be managed, operated or maintained without compliance with this regulation. This regulation also prescribes what, if any, operating staff may be required. If your industry uses refrigeration or air compression as a component of the process, this would also be addressed by this regulation.

Contact information: Mr. John W.B. Coulter

Chief Officer

Operating Engineers Program

(416) 325-2168

Unless the boiler is coal or biomass (wood or other) fired, the following fuels regulations would also apply, relative to the fuel type.

• Fuel Oil Regulation: This regulation applies to the installation, testing, maintenance, repair, removal, replacement, inspection and use of appliances, equipment, components, and accessories where fuel oil is used as fuel.

• Gaseous Fuels Regulation: This regulation applies to the installation, maintenance, repair, removal, replacement, inspection and use of appliances, equipment components and accessories where gaseous fuels are used for fuel purposes.

• Propane Regulation: This regulation applies to the storage, handling, transportation and transfer of propane. (Please see regulation for detailed scope).

• Fuels Industry Certificates and Authorization Regulation: This regulation applies with respect to certificates required to be held in order to perform work on fuel oil and gaseous fuel systems and their related piping and storage systems.

Contact Information: Mr. Mike Scarland

Operations Manager

Fuels Safety Program

(416) 325-5476

Although not a component of the TSSA regulatory authority, your industry should also ensure they are aware of other regulations, codes or bylaws that may apply including, but not limited to, construction, fire safety, etc.

The Technical Standards and Safety Act, 2000 and all component regulations may be accessed through the Technical Standards and Safety Authority website. For further information or clarification of a specific regulation, please contact program leaders as indicated for each regulation or myself at any time.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Clarence Coons, Agroforestry Consultant in the preparation of this Factsheet. He also wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following individuals in reviewing the document:

George Drummond, Maple Producer, Ontario
George Fowler, Maple Producer, Ontario
Frank Claeys, Representative,Spirax Sarco Canada Limited
Harry Atkinson, Thunderbolt Research Corporation
Ray Fauteux, Indeck Service Corporation
Todd Leuty, Agroforestry Specialist, OMAFRA
Ted Dance, Director of Operations, TSSA
Jim Myslik, OMAFRA

Assistance provided by Ontario's Agricultural Adaptation Council ,North American Maple Syrup Council ,the Ontario Maple Syrup Producers' Association and the Eastern Ontario Model Forest is also acknowledged.

Related Links

• OMAFRA Agroforestry Web site
• Technical Standards and Safety Act, 2000

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